conversion as a turning from darkness to light,5 converting sinners from the “error of their ways, and turning them to the wisdom of the just,”6 and converting from the power of Satan to God.7 Conversion as a movement from one orientation to its antithesis is the essence of a “turning,” and this is the general usage that Whitefield employs in his operant use of the idea of conversion. While it has been established that Whitefield’s general understanding of conversion is a turn from and to something